CFU: 6
Prerequisites
None.
Preliminary Courses
Analysis I and Physics.
Learning Goals
The module provides the fundamental knowledge of Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transmission necessary to deal with engineering problems relative to energy conversion, heat exchanges and work in industrial and civil contexts as well as applications relating to air conditioning, highlighting the methodological and applications. At the end of the learning phase, the student will be able to carry out the analysis of systems and processes in which there are energy transformations and / or energy transfers.
Expected Learning Outcomes
Knowledge and understanding
The student must be able to recognize and understand the differences between different thermodynamic phenomena, to describe the transformations of a thermodynamic system and to identify the fundamental laws of thermodynamics and heat transfer, in order to resolve simple engineering problems inherent to the principles of operation of thermal machines, analysis of thermodynamic cycles, heat exchange mechanisms and related applications.
Applying knowledge and understanding
At the end of the course, the student will have to demonstrate to have acquired the qualitative and quantitative assessment tools in order to identify and use the procedures and calculation methods to be applied for the resolution of simple problems of thermodynamic analysis of energy systems, heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation as well as knowing how to deal with basic engineering problems, developing critical skills necessary for the resolution of similar cases.
Course Content - Syllabus
FIRST PART: THERMODYNAMICS [4 CFU]
BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS: Introduction to the course. International measurement system. Practice on significant figures and dimensional analysis. System and environment. Properties, state and equation of state. Pure substance, phase, compressible simple system. Classical and continuous thermodynamics, local equilibrium. Quasi-static process and transformation. Energy, heat, work, temperature.
THERMODYNAMICS OF STATES: Introduction. Entropy and Gibbs equations. Enthalpy. Specific heats. Thermodynamics of states. Characteristic surface. Thermodynamic plans: pressure-entropy, pressure-specific volume, temperature-entropy, enthalpy-entropy, pressure-entropy. Models: Incompressible liquid, saturated steam, superheated steam, ideal gas. Exercises. Diagrams p, h for the R134a. Mollier diagram. Water and R134a saturation tables. Applications and exercises.
BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR MASS; ENERGY AND ENTROPY: Balance equation of an extensive property. Mass balance for a closed and an open system. Mass and volume flow. Stationary regime. One-dimensional flow. Energy balance: general information. Energy balance for an open system. Energy balance for a closed system. Entropy balance for an open system. Entropy balance for a closed system. Clausius inequality and equality. Direction of transformations and energy quality.
CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND LAW: Closed systems: volume variation work. Open systems: mechanical energy equations. Representation of reversible work and heat in the thermodynamic diagrams p, v and T, s. Equations of internally reversible adiabatic. Bernoulli equation. Representation of reversible work in the thermodynamic plane p, v. Applications and exercises: balance sheets for closed systems. Thermal irreversibility. Problems related to energy conversion. Thermal engine, thermodynamic efficiency, second law of thermodynamics. Carnot engine, direct Carnot cycle. Inverse Carnot cycle, inverse Carnot engine. Refrigerator and heat pump. First and second law coefficient of performance. Exercise on the thermodynamics of states and the balances of mass, energy and entropy for closed and open systems.
COMPONENTS OF OPEN SYSTEMS AND THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES: Introduction. Open systems: components of thermodynamic systems. Steam turbines and gas turbines. Pumps. Compressors. Mixture and surface heat exchangers. Conducts. Lamination valve. Applications and exercises.
SECOND PART: TRANSMISSION OF HEAT [2 CFU]
Introduction to heat transfer. Stationary regime. One-dimensional heat flow. Ohm's law. Combined mechanisms of heat transfer.
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER: Introduction. Electromagnetic waves. Parameters that characterize the radiation. Opaque bodies, gas and black body. Fundamental laws of the black body. Real surfaces. Band gray and gray bodies. Greenhouse effect. Radiative heat exchange between a surface and the environment. View factors. Radiative heat exchange in cavities: black surfaces, gray surfaces. Special cases. Exercise on irradiation. Radiative screens.
THERMAL CONDUCTION: Introduction. Fourier's law. Flat plate without generation. Heat resistance. Thermal conductivity. Temperature profile. Walls composed of several materials (series and parallel). Thermal transmittance. Cylinder without generation. Temperature profile. Multilayer cylinders. Critical isolation radius. Differential equation of heat conduction. Limit conditions.
THERMAL CONVECTION: Introduction. Natural and forced convection. Thermal and velocity limit layer. Laminar and turbulent regime. Newton's law. Dimensionless numbers and experimental correlations for natural and forced convection. Exercises on combined mechanisms.
Readings/Bibliography
Teacher’s notes (available online)
Textbook:
- Cesarano A., Mazzei P. - Elementi di termodinamica applicata - Liguori, Napoli 1989
- Mastrullo R., Mazzei P., Vanoli R. - Termodinamica per ingegneri - Applicazioni - Liguori, Napoli 1996
Teaching Methods
The teaching activity includes theoretical lectures, for about 65% of the total hours, and numerical exercises for about 35% of the total hours.
Examination/Evaluation Criteria
Exam type
For integrated courses, there should be one exam. Exam type: written and oral. Questions of the written exam refer to numerical exercises.
Evaluation pattern
The grade is formulated based on the outcome of the written tests and the adequacy of the answers provided by the student during the oral exam. For the final evaluation of the student, the written test and the interview have an equal weight.